Which of the following is NOT a causal agent for an abiotic (non-living) plant disorder?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a causal agent for an abiotic (non-living) plant disorder?

Explanation:
Abiotic disorders come from non-living factors that injure plants, such as pollutants, extreme moisture conditions, or chemical injuries. Air pollution can directly harm tissues or trigger physiological stress; extremes in soil moisture—either drought or waterlogging—disrupt water and root function; pesticide toxicity is a chemical injury to plant tissues. Bacteria, on the other hand, are living organisms that cause biotic plant diseases, not abiotic disorders. So bacteria are not a non-living (abiotic) causal agent.

Abiotic disorders come from non-living factors that injure plants, such as pollutants, extreme moisture conditions, or chemical injuries. Air pollution can directly harm tissues or trigger physiological stress; extremes in soil moisture—either drought or waterlogging—disrupt water and root function; pesticide toxicity is a chemical injury to plant tissues. Bacteria, on the other hand, are living organisms that cause biotic plant diseases, not abiotic disorders. So bacteria are not a non-living (abiotic) causal agent.

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